With support from the Ford Foundation, psychologists working with oppressed populations in North, Central, and South America, offered a symposium on FLIGHT, EXILE, AND RETURN at the 21st Congress of the Interamerican Psychological Society, in Havana, Cuba, 1987. The symposium  looked at the realities of people forced to flee their countries, to adjust to cold and inhospitable lands of exile, and to confront the many difficulties of returning to their homes once it was safe to go back. The presentations, recorded in book form, describe the relationship between state violence and mental health.

Ignacio  Martín-Baró, "From Dirty War to Psychological War: The Case of El Salvador"

Adrianne Aron, "Refugees Without Sanctuary: Salvadorans in the United States"

Lore Aresti, "Political Reality and Psychological Damage"

Juana Kovalskys "Returning from Exile: One More Violent Experience"